One day, I met Niccolo in exile in Sant'Andrea
in Percussina, he looked rugged and drunk. His sweet smile had disappeared into
a sad face. A very different image of a person in an ambassador role he had
before the Medici threw him in jail, tortured him and sent him into solitary
exile at his country retreat.
He was a diplomat for 14 years in
Italy's Florentine Republic during the Medici family's exile. When the Medici
family returned to power in 1512, Niccolo was dismissed and jailed.
During his exile he wrote books,
including The Prince which became his most renowned book.
I asked him straightforwardly:
“People say that nowadays you drink in
the company of peasants, fought in villages and rail at your fate. The solitary exile must have been hard for
you, it is like a punishment worse than death for a man who found high-level
politics as necessary as breathing. Do you
feel bitter about the treatment of the Medici to you?”
Niccolo:
“When evening comes, I go back home, and
go to my study. On the threshold, I take off my work clothes, covered in mud
and filth, and I put on the clothes an ambassador would wear. Decently dressed,
I enter the ancient courts of rulers who have long since died. There, I am
warmly welcomed, and I feed on the only food I find nourishing and was born to
savour. I am not ashamed to talk to them and ask them to explain their actions
and they, out of kindness, answer me. Four hours go by without my feeling any
anxiety. I forget every worry. I am no longer afraid of poverty or frightened
of death. I live entirely through them.”
I said:
“The Medici threw you in jail, tortured
you with a rope hanged from your bound wrists, from the back, forcing your arms
to bear your body's weight and dislocating your shoulders. However they could find no evidence of your direct
involvement in the conspiracy, and, under the general amnesty granted by the
Pope you were released a few weeks later and they sent you into solitary exile
here.
But despite the cruel treatment by the Medici,
you dedicated your most renowned book “The Prince” to the Magnificence Lorenzo
de Medici a prince of the Medici who tortured you. Why so?”
Niccolo citing the opening chapter of
The Prince said:
“I want to present myself to his
Magnificence with some testimony of my devotion towards him, the possession of
mine that I love best and value most is my knowledge of the actions of great
men—knowledge that I have acquired from long experience in contemporary affairs
and from a continual study of antiquity. Having reflected on it long and hard, I
now send it, digested into a little volume, to his Magnificence.
And if his Magnificence, from the
mountain-top of his greatness will sometimes look down at this plain, he will
see how little I deserve the wretched ill-fortune that continually pursues me”
I said:
“The word “Prince” in your book “The
Prince” obviously does not refer to hereditary prince in aristocratic system but
to a ruler of a country.”
Niccolo citing Chapter 9 said:
“It is about a citizen who becomes the
prince of his country not by wickedness or any intolerable violence, but by the
favour of his fellow citizens. We can call this ‘civil principality’. Now, this
kind of principality (princely state)—·this way of becoming a prince·—is
obtained with the support of the common people or with the support of the
nobles.
Someone who becomes prince with the help
of the nobles will find it hard to maintain his position because he’ll be
surrounded by men who regard themselves as his equals, which will inhibit him in
giving orders and managing affairs. It is easier for a prince who got there
with the help of popular favour: he’ll be able to exercise his principality
single-handed, with few if any people unwilling to obey him.”
I said:
“Machiavellianism" is a widely used
negative term to characterize unscrupulous politicians of the sort you
described most famously in The Prince. You described immoral behavior, such as
dishonesty and killing innocents, as being normal and effective in politics. “
Niccolo citing Chapter 15 said:
“I am not apologetic about this·: my aim
is to write things that will be useful the reader who understands them; so I
find it more appropriate to pursue the real truth of the matter than to repeat
what people have imagined about it. Many writers have dreamed up republics and
principalities such as have never been seen or known in the real world. ·And
attending to them is dangerous·, because the gap between “how men live” and “how they ought to live” is so wide that
any prince who thinks in terms not of how people do behave but of how they
ought to behave will destroy his power rather than maintaining it. A man who
tries to act virtuously will soon come to grief at the hands of the
unscrupulous people surrounding him. Thus, a prince who wants to keep his power
must learn how to act immorally, using or not using this skill according to
necessity.
As I said in Chapter 18, a prince is
forced to know how to act like a beast, he must learn from the fox and the
lion; because the lion is defenceless against traps and a fox is defenceless
against wolves. So the prince needs to be a fox to discover the traps and a
lion to scare off the wolves.”
I said :
“You seemed to endorse cruelty, violence
and even murder in some situations, which oppose the universal norms in our society.”
Niccolo citing Chapter 17 said:
“I say that every prince should want to
be regarded as merciful and not cruel; but he should be careful not to
mismanage his mercy! Cesare Borgia was considered cruel; yet his ‘cruelty’
restored order to Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty.
When you come to think about it, you’ll see him as being much more ·truly·
merciful than the Florentines who, to avoid a reputation for cruelty, allowed
Pistoia to be destroyed.”
I said:
“This philosophy of "the end
justifies the means" has often been associated with you, and so named
Machiavellianism. The Prince became a handbook for ruler like Stalin, who
starved the Ukranian people șo he could sell the grain from Ukraine to the west so he could make the army stronger
and to grow the indunstry.
The Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini
saw himself as a modern-day Machiavellian and wrote an introduction to his
honorary doctoral thesis for the University of Bologna—"Prelude to
Machiavelli.”
In this thesis he quoted your Chapter 17
as evidence of your bitter pessimism in respect to human nature: “For we may
say here in general that men are ungrateful, inconstant, deceiving, cowardly in
the face of danger, greedy for gain: and as long as you do them favors they are
loyal to you and ready to pledge you their blood, their property, their lives,
their children — until, as I have said above, they no longer need you; but when
that time arrives they are quick to desert you.”
Niccolo citing Chapter 8 said:
“Someone who is seizing a state should
think hard about all the injuries he’ll have to inflict, and get them all over
with at the outset, rather than having cruelty as a daily occurrence. By
stopping cruelty very soon, the usurper will be able to reassure people and win
them over to his side by generosity. Someone who doesn’t proceed in this
way—whether from fear or on bad advice—will always have to have a knife in his
hand; and he won’t be able to rely on his subjects, who will be alienated by
his continued and repeated injuries....”
I said:
“Your book The Prince is actually a
little book with a clear language, easy to understand. However the books of
commentaries, reviews, critics and analysis about it are much longer than this
little book. What do you say about it?"
Niccolo citing Chapter 1 said:
“Many writers decorate their work—choke
their work—with smoothly sweeping sentences, pompous words, and other
‘attractions’ that are irrelevant to the matter in hand; but I haven’t done any
of that, because I have wanted this work of mine to be given only such respect
as it can get from the importance of its topic and the truth of what it says
about it.”
I said:
“Yet this little book became very famous
because of its controversy, Bertrand Russell called it a “handbook for
gangsters”. Leo Strauss called you a
“teacher of evil” because of The Prince. Are you surprised about it?”
Nicollo said:
“The Prince is just one of my books, I
also wrote “The Art of War”, “Discourses
on Livy”, and plays.
In “The Art of War”, Lord Fabrizio Colonna
said that we should learn things similar to the ancients that honor and reward
virtue, not to have contempt for poverty, to esteem the modes and orders of
military discipline, to constrain citizens to love one another, to live without
factions, to esteem less the private than the public good.
However, good institutions without the
help of the military are not much differently disordered than the habitation of
a superb and regal palace, which, even though adorned with jewels and gold, if
it is not roofed over will not have anything to protect it from the rain.
In “Discourses on Livy” I quoted Livy
saying that people are strong together, but weak when alone giving the example
of the Roman plebs. Livy additionally feels that the multitude is wiser than
the one prince. And in Chapter 30 I wrote about that truly powerful Republics
and Princes buy friendships not with money, but with virtue and reputation of
strength.
The book discusses the rulers of Rome
and how a strong or weak Prince can maintain or destroy a kingdom. After a weak
prince a kingdom could not remain strong with another weak prince. Luckily, the
first three kings each had a certain strength, which aided the city. Romulus
was fierce, Numa was religious, and Tullus was dedicated to war.”
I said:
“ So it seems your focus is that a
Prince shall rely on his virtue and strength, rather than being a weak Prince, and
relying on fortune.”
Nicollo said, with a nod:
“Yes, after all I am not so
Machiavellian……”
This is an imaginary interview in memory
of Niccolo Machiavelli.
Sources: Wikipedia, CliffsNotes
